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起止时间:2020-02-21到2020-06-21
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（18级）Unit 1 Life and logic test
1、 Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has fund that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困扰) you—appears to be the key to finding. Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls. His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication. But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone. People are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?” Hancock hopes his research will help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email. 1. Hancock’s study focuses on __.
A: A) the consequences of lying in various communications media
B: B) the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas
C: C) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
D: D) people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media
答案: D) people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media
2、 Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that __.
A: A) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
B: B) people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions
C: C) people are most likely to lie in email communication
D: D) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations
答案: A) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
3、 3. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?
A: A) They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.
B: B) They believe that honesty is the best policy.
C: C) They tend to be relaxed when using those media.
D: D) They are most practised at those forms of communication.
答案: A) They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.
4、 4. According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because __.
A: A) salesmen can talk directly to their customers
B: B) salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
C: C) salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy
D: D) salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively
答案: B) salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
5、 It can be inferred from the passage that __.
A: A) honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications
B: B) more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees
C: C) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes
D: D) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company
答案: C) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes
（18级）Unit 1 Life and logic （18级）Unit 1 Section A 测验
1、 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. As a person who writes about food and drink for a living, I couldn’t tell you the first thing about Bill Perry or whether the beers he sells are that great. But I can tell you that I like this guy. That’s because he plans to ban tipping in favor of paying his servers an actual living wage. I hate tipping. I hate it because it’s an obligation disguised as an option. I hate it for the post-dinner math it requires of me. But mostly, I hate tipping because I believe I would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every other industry. Most of you probably think that you hate tipping, too. Research suggests otherwise. You actually love tipping! You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money your server makes. No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a better value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system. One argument that you tend to hear a lot from the pro-tipping crowd seems logical enough: the service is better when waiters depend on tips, presumably because they see a benefit to successfully veiling their contempt for you. Well, if this were true, we would all be slipping a few 100-dollar bills to our doctors on the way out their doors, too. But as it turns out, waiters see only a tiny bump in tips when they do an exceptional job compared to a passable one. Waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are, are catching on to this: in one poll, a full 30% said they didn’t believe the job they did had any impact on the tips they received.So come on, folks: get on board with ditching the outdated tip system. Pay a little more upfront for your beer or burger. Support Bill Perry’s pub, and any other bar or restaurant that doesn’t ask you to do drunken math.1. What can we learn about Bill Perry from the passage?
A:He runs a pub that serves excellent beer.
B:He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.
C:He gives his staff a considerable sum for tips.
D:He lives comfortably without getting any tips.
答案: He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.
2、 2. What is the main reason why the author hates tipping?
A:It sets a bad example for other industries.
B:It adds to the burden of ordinary customers.
C:It forces the customer to compensate the waiter.
D:It poses a great challenge for customers to do math.
答案: It forces the customer to compensate the waiter.
3、 3. Why do many people love tipping according to the author?
A:They help improve the quality of the restaurants they dine in.
B:They believe waiters deserve such rewards for good service.
C:They want to preserve a wonderful tradition of the industry.
D:They can have some say in how much their servers earn.
答案: They can have some say in how much their servers earn.
4、 4. What have some waiters come to realize according to a survey?
A:Service quality has little effect on tip size.
B:It is in human nature to try to save on tips.
C:Tips make it more difficult to please customers.
D:Tips benefit the boss rather than the employees.
答案: Service quality has little effect on tip size.
5、 5. What does the author argue for in the passage?
A:Restaurants should calculate the tips for customers.
B:Customers should pay more tips to help improve service.
C:Waiters deserve better than just relying on tips for a living.
D:Waiters should be paid by employers instead of customers.
答案: Waiters should be paid by employers instead of customers.
6、 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.In the past, falling oil prices have given a boost to the world economy, but recent forecasts for global growth have been toned down, even as oil prices sink lower and lower. Does that mean the link between lower oil prices and growth has weakened? Some experts say there are still good reasons to believe cheap oil should heat up the world economy. Consumers have more money in their pockets when they’re paying less at the pump. They spend that money on other things, which stimulates the economy. The biggest gains go to countries that import most of their oil like China, Japan, and India. But doesn’t the extra money in the pockets of those countries’ consumers mean an equal loss in oil-producing countries, cancelling out the gains? Not necessarily, say economic researcher Sara Johnson. ” Many oil producers built up huge reserve funds when prices were high, so when prices fall they will draw on their reserves to support government spending and subsidies(补贴)for their consumers. ” But not all oil producers have big reserves. In Venezuela, collapsing oil prices have sent its economy into free-fall. Economist Carl Weinberg believes the negative effects of plunging oil prices are overwhelming the positive effects of cheaper oil. The implication is a sharp decline in global trade, which has plunged partly because oil-producing nations can’t afford to import as much as they used to. Sara Johnson acknowledges that the global economic benefit from a fall in oil prices today is likely lower than it was in the past. One reason is that more countries are big oil producers now, so the nations suffering from the price drop account for a larger share of the global economy. Consumers, in the U. S. at least, are acting cautiously with the savings they’re getting at the gas pump, as the memory of the recent great recession is still fresh in their mind. And a number of oil-producing countries are trimming their gasoline subsidies and raising taxes, so the net savings for global consumers is not as big as the oil price plunge might suggest.6. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?
A:The reasons behind the plunge of oil prices.
B:Possible ways to stimulate the global economy.
C:The impact of cheap oil on global economic growth.
D:The effect of falling oil prices on consumer spending.
答案: The impact of cheap oil on global economic growth.
7、 7. Why do some experts believe cheap oil will stimulate the global economy?
A:Manufacturers can produce consumer goods at a much lower cost.
B:Lower oil prices have always given a big boost to the global economy.
C:Oil prices may rise or fall but economic laws are not subject to change.
D:Consumers will spend their savings from cheap oil on other commodities.
答案: Consumers will spend their savings from cheap oil on other commodities.
8、 8. What happens in many oil-exporting countries when oil prices go down?
A:They suspend import of necessities from overseas.
B:They reduce production drastically to boost oil prices.
C:They use their money reserves to back up consumption.
D: They try to stop their economy from going into free-fall.
答案: They use their money reserves to back up consumption.
9、 9. How does Carl Weinberg view the current oil price plunge?
A:It is one that has seen no parallel in economic history.
B:Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.
C:It still has a chance to give rise to a boom in the global economy.
D:Its effects on the global economy go against existing economic laws.
答案: Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.
10、 10. Why haven’t falling oil prices boosted the global economy as they did before?
A:People are not spending all the money they save on gas.
B:The global economy is likely to undergo another recession.
C:Oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy.
D:People the world over are afraid of a further plunge in oil prices.
答案: People are not spending all the money they save on gas.
（18级）Unit 1 Life and logic （18级）Unit 1 Section B 测验
1、 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The phrase almost completes itself; midlife crisis. It’s the stage in the middle of the journey when people feel youth vanishing, their prospects narrowing and death approaching. There’s only one problem with the cliche (套话). It isn’t true. “In fact, there is almost no hard evidence for midlife crisis other than a few small pilot studies conducted decades ago,” Barbara Hagerty writes in her new book, Life Reimagined. The bulk of the research shows that there may be a pause, or a shifting of gears in the 40 s or 50 s, but this shift “can be exciting, rather than terrifying”. Barbara Hagerty looks at some of the features of people who turn midlife into a rebirth. They break routines, because “autopilot is death”. They choose purpose over happiness—having a clear sense of purpose even reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. They give priority to relationships, as careers often recede (逐渐淡化). Life Reimagined paints a picture of middle age that is far from gloomy. Midlife seems like the second big phase of decision-making. Your identity has been formed; you’ve built up your resources; and now you have the chance to take the big risks precisely because your foundation is already secure. Karl Barth described midlife precisely this way. At middle age, he wrote, “the sowing is behind; now is the time to reap. The run has been taken; now is the time to leap. Preparation has been made; now is the time for the venture of the work itself.” The middle-aged person, Barth continued, can see death in the distance, but moves with a “measured haste” to get big new things done while there is still time. What Barth wrote decades ago is even truer today. People are healthy and energetic longer. We have presidential candidates running for their first term in office at age 68, 69 and 74. A longer lifespan is changing the narrative structure of life itself. What could have been considered the beginning of a descent is now a potential turning point—the turning point you are most equipped to take full advantage of.1. What does the author think of the phrase “midlife crisis”?
A:It has led to a lot of debate.
B: It is widely acknowledged.
C:It is no longer fashionable.
D:It misrepresents real life.
答案: It is widely acknowledged.
2、 How does Barbara Hagerty view midlife?
A:It may be the beginning of a crisis.
B:It can be a new phase of one’s life.
C:It can be terrifying for the unprepared.
D:It may see old-age diseases approaching.
答案: It can be a new phase of one’s life.
3、 How is midlife pictured in the book Life Reimagined？
A:It can be quite rosy.
B:It can be burdensome.
C:It undergoes radical transformation.
D:It makes for the best part of one’s life.
答案: It can be quite rosy.
4、 According to Karl Barth, midlife is the time_____.
A:to relax
B:to mature
C:to harvest
D:to reflect
答案: to mature
5、 What does the author say about midlife today?
A:It is more meaningful than other stages of life.
B:It is likely to change the narrative of one’s life.
C:It is more important to those with a longer lifespan.
D:It is likely to be a critical turning point in one’s life.
答案: It is likely to be a critical turning point in one’s life.
6、 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. In spring, chickens start laying again, bringing a welcome source of protein at winter’s end. So it’s no surprise that cultures around the world celebrate spring by honoring the egg. Some traditions are simple, like the red eggs that get baked into Greek Easter breads. Others elevate the egg into a fancy art, like the heavily jewel-covered “eggs” that were favored by the Russians starting in the 19th century. One ancient form of egg art comes to us from Ukraine. For centuries, Ukrainians have been drawing complicated patterns on eggs. Contemporary artists have followed this tradition to create eggs that speak to the anxieties of our age; Life is precious, and delicate. Eggs are, too. “There’s something about their delicate nature that appeals to me,” says New Yorker cartoonist Roz Chast. Several years ago, she became interested in eggs and learned the traditional Ukrainian technique to draw her very modern characters. “I’ve broken eggs at every stage of the process—from the very beginning to the very, very end.” But there’s an appeal in that vulnerability. “There’s part of this sickening horror of knowing you’re walking on the edge with this, that I kind of like, knowing that it could all fall apart at any second.” Chast’s designs, such as a worried man alone in a tiny rowboat, reflect that delicateness.Traditional Ukrainian decorated eggs also spoke to those fears. The elaborate patterns were believed to offer protection against evil. “There’s an ancient legend that as long as these eggs are made, evil will not prevail in the world,” says Joan Brander, a Canadian egg-painter who has been painting eggs for over 60 years, having learned the art from her Ukrainian relatives. The tradition, dating back to 300 B. C., was later incorporated into the Christian church. The old symbols, however, still endure. A decorated egg with a bird on it, given to a young married couple, is a wish for children. A decorated egg thrown into the field would be a wish for a good harvest.6 Why do people in many cultures prize the egg?
A:It is a welcome sign of the coming of spring.
B:It is their major source of protein in winter.
C:It can easily be made into a work of art.
D:It can bring wealth and honor to them.
答案: It is a welcome sign of the coming of spring.
7、 What do we learn about the decorated “eggs” in Russia?
A:They are shaped like jewel cases.
B:They are cherished by the rich.
C:They are heavily painted in red.
D:They are favored as a form of art.
答案: They are favored as a form of art.
8、 Why have contemporary artists continued the egg art tradition?
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