第一篇 经济学导论 单元测验1：第一篇（ 经济学导论）
1、 Microeconomics is often called
答案: price theory.
2、 Society faces trade-offs because of
答案: scarcity.
3、 The purpose of making assumptions in economic model building is to
答案: simplify the model while keeping important details.
4、 Which of the following is true?
答案: Efficiency refers to the size of the economic pie; equality refers to how the pie is divided.
5、 The opportunity cost of an item is
答案: what you give up to get that item.
6、 Rational people make decisions at the margin by
答案: comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits.
7、 People are likely to respond to a policy change
答案: if the policy changes either the costs or benefits of their behavior.
8、 The invisible hand works to promote general well-being in the economy primarily through
答案: people’s pursuit of self-interest.
9、 Causes of market failure include
答案: externalities and market power.
10、 What is the most important factor that explains differences in living standards across countries?
答案: productivity
11、 A circular-flow diagram is a model that
答案: helps to explain how participants in the economy interact with one another.
12、 Production is efficient if the economy is producing at a point
答案: on the production possibilities frontier.
13、 The opportunity cost of obtaining more of one good is shown on the production possibilities frontier as the
答案: amount of the other good that must be given up.
14、 Normative statements are
答案: claims about how the world should be.
15、 When can two countries gain from trading two goods?
答案: Two countries could gain from trading two goods under all of the above conditions.
16、 An economy’s production possibilities frontier is also its consumption possibilities frontier
答案: when the economy is self-sufficient.
17、 Absolute advantage is found by comparing different producers’
答案: input requirements per unit of output.
18、 Suppose Jim and Tom can both produce two goods: baseball bats and hockey sticks. Which of the following is not possible?
答案: Jim has a comparative advantage in the production of baseball bats and in the production of hockey sticks.
19、 Suppose Jim and Tom can both produce baseball bats. If Jim’s opportunity cost of producing baseball bats is lower than Tom’s opportunity cost of producing baseball bats, then
答案: Jim has a comparative advantage in the production of baseball bats.
20、 Trade can make everybody better off because it
答案: allows people to specialize according to comparative advantage.
21、 Economics is the study of how evenly goods and services are distributed within society.
答案: 错误
22、 If wages for accountants rose, then accountants’ leisure time would have a lower opportunity cost.
答案: 错误
23、 A marginal change is a small incremental adjustment to an existing plan of action.
答案: 正确
24、 Trade with any nation can be mutually beneficial.
答案: 正确
25、 One way that governments can improve market outcomes is to ensure that individuals are able to own and exercise control over their scarce resources.
答案: 正确
26、 Inflation increases the value of money.
答案: 错误
27、 In the circular flow diagram, payments for labor, land, and capital flow from firms to households through the markets for the factors of production.
答案: 正确
28、 Points inside the production possibilities frontier represent inefficient levels of production.
答案: 正确
29、 Interdependence among individuals and interdependence among nations are both based on the gains from trade.
答案: 正确
30、 Trade allows a country to consume outside its production possibilities frontier.
答案: 正确
31、 Microeconomics is often called
答案: price theory.
32、 Society faces trade-offs because of
答案: scarcity.
33、 The purpose of making assumptions in economic model building is to
答案: simplify the model while keeping important details.
34、 Rational people make decisions at the margin by
答案: comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits.
35、 People are likely to respond to a policy change
答案: if the policy changes either the costs or benefits of their behavior.
36、 The invisible hand works to promote general well-being in the economy primarily through
答案: people’s pursuit of self-interest.
37、 A circular-flow diagram is a model that
答案: helps to explain how participants in the economy interact with one another.
38、 Normative statements are
答案: claims about how the world should be.
39、 When can two countries gain from trading two goods?
答案: Two countries could gain from trading two goods under all of the above conditions.
40、 An economy’s production possibilities frontier is also its consumption possibilities frontier
答案: when the economy is self-sufficient.
41、 Suppose Jim and Tom can both produce two goods: baseball bats and hockey sticks. Which of the following is not possible?
答案: Jim has a comparative advantage in the production of baseball bats and in the production of hockey sticks.
42、 Suppose Jim and Tom can both produce baseball bats. If Jim’s opportunity cost of producing baseball bats is lower than Tom’s opportunity cost of producing baseball bats, then
答案: Jim has a comparative advantage in the production of baseball bats.
43、 One way that governments can improve market outcomes is to ensure that individuals are able to own and exercise control over their scarce resources.
答案: 正确
44、 In the circular flow diagram, payments for labor, land, and capital flow from firms to households through the markets for the factors of production.
答案: 正确
45、 A circular-flow diagram is a model that
答案: helps to explain how the economy is organized and how participants in the economy interact with one another.
第二篇 供给与需求I：市场如何运行 单元测验2： 第二篇（供给与需求：市场如何运行）
1、 In a market economy, supply and demand determine
答案: both the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold.
2、 The quantity demanded of a good is the amount that buyers are
答案: willing and able to purchase.
3、 A decrease in quantity demanded
答案: results in a movement upward and to the left along a demand curve.
4、 Adam Smith suggested that an invisible had guides market economies. In this analogy, what is the baton that the invisible hand uses to conduct the economic orchestra?
答案: prices
5、 Elasticity is
答案: a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions.
6、 Suppose there is a 6 percent increase in the price of good X and a resulting 6 percent decrease in the quantity of X demanded. Price elasticity of demand for X is
答案: 1.
7、 Goods with many close substitutes tend to have
答案: more elastic demands.
8、 If two goods are substitutes, their cross-price elasticity will be
答案: positive.
9、 A price ceiling is binding when it is set
答案: below the equilibrium price, causing a shortage.
10、 If the government wants to reduce smoking, it should impose a tax on
答案: either buyers or sellers of cigarettes.
11、 If something happens to alter the quantity demanded at any given price, then the demand curve shifts.
答案: 正确
12、 If orange juice and apple juice are substitutes, an increase in the price of orange juice will shift the demand curve for apple juice to the left.
答案: 错误
13、 In general, demand curves for necessities tend to be price elastic.
答案: 错误
14、 Price elasticity of demand along a linear, downward-sloping demand curve increases as price falls.
答案: 错误
15、 When demand is inelastic, a decrease in price increases total revenue.
答案: 错误
16、 Normal goods have negative income elasticities of demand, while inferior goods have positive income elasticities of demand.
答案: 错误
17、 At the equilibrium price, the quantity that buyers want to buy exactly equals the quantity that sellers want to sell.
答案: 正确
18、 The effects of rent control in the long run include lower rents and lower-quality housing.
答案: 正确
19、 Not all sellers benefit from a binding price floor.
答案: 正确
20、 Who bears the majority of a tax burden depends on whether the tax is placed on the buyers or the sellers.
答案: 错误
21、 In a market economy, supply and demand determine
答案: both the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold.
22、 Adam Smith suggested that an invisible hand guides market economies. In this analogy, what is the baton that the invisible hand uses to conduct the economic orchestra?
答案: prices
23、 Suppose there is a 6 percent increase in the price of good X and a resulting 6 percent decrease in the quantity of X demanded. Price elasticity of demand for X is
答案: 1.
24、 A price ceiling is binding when it is set
答案: below the equilibrium price, causing a shortage.
25、 Normal goods have negative income elasticities of demand, while inferior goods have positive income elasticities of demand.
答案: 错误
第三篇 供给与需求II：市场与福利 单元测验3：第三篇（供给与需求II：市场与福利）
1、 Welfare economics is the study of
答案: how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.
2、 Consumer surplus is
答案: the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.
3、 If a consumer places a value of $20 on a particular good and if the price of the good is $25, then the
答案: consumer does not purchase the good.
4、 If Gina sells a shirt for $40, and her producer surplus from the sale is $32, her cost must have been
答案: $8.
5、 Inefficiency exists in an economy when a good is
答案: not being consumed by buyers who value it most highly.
6、 When a tax is imposed on a good, the
答案: equilibrium quantity of the good always decreases.
7、 Taxes cause deadweight losses because they
答案: All of the answers are correct.
8、 The deadweight loss from a $3 tax will be largest in a market with
答案: elastic supply and elastic demand.
9、 The before-trade price of fish in Denmark is $10.00 per pound. The world price of fish is $6.00 per pound. Denmark is a price-taker in the fish market. If Denmark begins to allow trade in fish, its consumers of fish will become
答案: better off, its producers of fish will become worse off, and on balance the citizens of Denmark will become better off.
10、 Suppose Iran imposes a tariff on lumber. For the tariff to have any effect, it must be the case that
答案: the world price without the tariff is less than the price of lumber without trade.
11、 Which of the following is correct?
答案: Total surplus is measured as the area below the demand curve and above the supply curve, up to the equilibrium quantity
12、 If an allocation of resources is efficient, then
答案: all potential gains from trade among buyers are sellers are being realized
13、 The “invisible hand” refers to
答案: the marketplace guiding the self-interests of market participants into promoting general economic well-being.
14、 Suppose that the equilibrium price in the market for widgets is $5. If a law increased the minimum legal price for widgets to $6,
答案: any possible increase in producer surplus would be smaller than the loss of consumer surplus.
15、 If a market is allowed to adjust freely to its equilibrium price and quantity, then an increase in demand will
答案: increase producer surplus.
16、 Inefficiency can be caused in a market by the presence of
答案: All the answers are correct.
17、 Market failure is the inability of
答案: some unregulated markets to allocate resources efficiently
18、 If the current allocation of resources in the market for hammers is inefficient, then it must be the case that
答案: the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus could be increased by moving to a different allocation of resources.
19、 Coffee and tea are substitutes. Bad weather that sharply reduces the coffee bean harvest would
答案: decrease consumer surplus in the market for coffee and increase producer surplus in the market for tea.
20、 Many economists believe that restrictions against ticket scalping result in each of the following except
答案: shorter lines at cultural and sporting events.
21、 Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually has to pay for it.
答案: 正确
22、 Consumer surplus measures the benefit to buyers of participating in a market.
答案: 正确
23、 Consumer surplus can be measured as the area between the demand curve and the equilibrium price.
答案: 正确
24、 Consumer surplus can be measured as the area between the demand curve and the supply curve
答案: 错误
25、 All else equal, an increase in supply will cause an increase in consumer surplus
答案: 正确
26、 All else equal, an increase in demand will always increase consumer surplus
答案: 错误
27、 All else equal, an increase in demand will cause an increase in producer surplus
答案: 正确
28、 All else equal, a decrease in demand will cause an increase in producer surplus
答案: 错误
29、 The area below the price and above the supply curve measures the producer surplus in a market.
答案: 正确
30、 All else equal, a decrease in demand will cause an increase in producer surplus.
答案: 错误
31、 The area below the price and above the supply curve measures the producer surplus in a market
答案: 正确
32、 The area below the demand curve and above the supply curve measures the producer surplus in a market.
答案: 错误
33、 If the government imposes a binding price ceiling in a market, then the producer surplus in that market will increase.
答案: 错误
34、 The lower the price, the lower the producer surplus, all else equal.
答案: 正确
35、 Economists generally believe that, although there may be advantages to society from ticket-scalping, the costs to society of this activity outweigh the benefits.
答案: 错误
36、 Economists argue that restrictions against ticket scalping actually drive up the cost of many tickets.
答案: 正确
37、 Efficiency is related to the size of the economic pie, whereas equality is related to how the pie gets sliced and distributed
答案: 正确
38、 The current policy on kidney donation effectively sets a price ceiling of zero.
答案: 正确
39、 If a market is in equilibrium, then it is impossible for a social planner to raise economic welfare by increasing or decreasing the quantity of the good
答案: 正确
40、 Unless markets are perfectly competitive, they may fail to maximize the total benefits to buyers and sellers.
答案: 正确
41、 Welfare economics is the study of
答案: how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.
42、 If a consumer places a value of $20 on a particular good and if the price of the good is $25, then the
答案: consumer does not purchase the good.
43、 If Gina sells a shirt for $40, and her producer surplus from the sale is $32, her cost must have been
答案: $8.
44、 When a tax is imposed on a good, the
答案: equilibrium quantity of the good always decreases.
45、 Taxes cause deadweight losses because they
答案: All of the answers are correct.
46、 The before-trade price of fish in Denmark is $10.00 per pound. The world price of fish is $6.00 per pound. Denmark is a price-taker in the fish market. If Denmark begins to allow trade in fish, its consumers of fish will become
答案: better off, its producers of fish will become worse off, and on balance the citizens of Denmark will become better off.
47、 Suppose Iran imposes a tariff on lumber. For the tariff to have any effect, it must be the case that
答案: the world price without the tariff is less than the price of lumber without trade.
48、 Which of the following is correct?
答案: Total surplus is measured as the area below the demand curve and above the supply curve, up to the equilibrium quantity.
49、 If an allocation of resources is efficient, then
答案: all potential gains from trade among buyers are sellers are being realized.
50、 The “invisible hand” refers to
答案: the marketplace guiding the self-interests of market participants into promoting general economic well-being.
51、 Suppose that the equilibrium price in the market for widgets is $5. If a law increased the minimum legal price for widgets to $6,
答案: any possible increase in producer surplus would be smaller than the loss of consumer surplus.
52、 If a market is allowed to adjust freely to its equilibrium price and quantity, then an increase in demand will
答案: increase producer surplus.
53、 Market failure is the inability of
答案: some unregulated markets to allocate resources efficiently.
54、 Coffee and tea are substitutes. Bad weather that sharply reduces the coffee bean harvest would
答案: decrease consumer surplus in the market for coffee and increase producer surplus in the market for tea.
55、 Consumer surplus can be measured as the area between the demand curve and the supply curve.
答案: 错误
56、 All else equal, an increase in supply will cause an increase in consumer surplus.
答案: 正确
57、 All else equal, an increase in demand will always increase consumer surplus.
答案: 错误
58、 All else equal, an increase in demand will cause an increase in producer surplus.
答案: 正确
59、 Efficiency is related to the size of the economic pie, whereas equality is related to how the pie gets sliced and distributed.
答案: 正确
60、 The current policy on kidney donation actually sets a price ceiling of zero.
答案: 正确
61、 If a market is in equilibrium, then it is impossible for a social planner to raise economic welfare by increasing or decreasing the quantity of the good.
答案: 正确
第四篇 公共部门经济学 单元测验4：第四篇（公共部门经济学）
1、 An externality is
答案: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.
2、 Which of the following statements is correct?
答案: Government should tax goods with negative externalities and subsidize goods with positive externalities.
3、 Markets are often inefficient when negative externalities are present because
答案: social costs exceed private costs at the private market solution.
4、 The best remedy for market failure is often
答案: a market-based solution.
5、 The Coase theorem suggests that private markets may not be able to solve the problem of externalities
答案: when the number of interested parties is large and bargaining costs are high.
6、 Altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
答案: all the answers are correct.
7、 For private goods allocated in markets,
答案: prices guide the decisions of buyers and sellers and these decisions lead to an efficient allocation of resources.
8、 The provision of a public good generates a
答案: positive externality and the use of a common resource generates a negative externality.
9、 Goods that are not excludable include both
答案: common resources and public goods.
10、 The free-rider problem
答案: explains why many local governments supply public goods.
11、 In a market economy, government intervention
答案: may improve market outcomes in the presence of externalities
12、 An externality is an example of
答案: a market failure.
13、 A cost imposed on someone who is neither the consumer nor the producer is called a
答案: negative externality
14、 Which of the following statements about a well-maintained yard best conveys the general nature of the externality
答案: A well-maintained yard conveys a positive externality because it increases the value of adjacent properties in the neighborhood
15、 Which of the following is not correct?
答案: Externalities cannot be positive
16、 When goods do not have a price, which of the following primarily ensures that the good is produced?
答案: government
17、 The provision of public goods gives rise to
答案: positive externalities
18、 Both public goods and common resources are
答案: nonexcludable
19、 When something of value has no price attached to it,
答案: externalities will be present
20、 If one person’s use of a good diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it, the good is
答案: rival in consumption
21、 Markets sometimes fail to allocate resources efficiently
答案: 正确
22、 When a transaction between a buyer and seller directly affects a third party, the effect is called an externality
答案: 正确
23、 Barking dogs cannot be considered an externality because externalities must be associated with some form of market exchange
答案: 错误
24、 Research into new technologies conveys neither negative externalities nor positive externalities
答案: 错误
25、 The social cost of pollution includes the private costs of the producers plus the costs to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution
答案: 正确
26、 When firms internalize a negative externality, the market supply curve shifts to the left
答案: 正确
27、 Government subsidized scholarships are an example of a government policy aimed at correcting negative externalities associated with education
答案: 错误
28、 A congestion toll imposed on a highway driver to force the driver to take into account the increase in travel time she imposes on all other drivers is an example of internalizing the externality
答案: 正确
29、 The government can internalize externalities by taxing goods that have negative externalities and subsidizing goods that have positive externalities
答案: 正确
30、 Government intervention in the economy with the goal of promoting technology-producing industries is known as patent policy
答案: 错误
31、 A technology spillover is a type of negative externality
答案: 错误
32、 The concept of external cost is associated with a negative externality, but not with a positive externality
答案: 正确
33、 When market activity generates a negative externality, the level of output in the market equilibrium is lower than the socially optimal level
答案: 错误
34、 To determine the optimal level of output in a market with negative externalities, a benevolent social planner would look for the level of output at which private cost equals private value.
答案: 错误
35、 A good that is excludable but not rival is known as a club good
答案: 正确
36、 Concerts in arenas are not excludable because it is virtually impossible to prevent someone from seeing the show
答案: 错误
37、 A good that is excludable is one that someone can be prevented from using if she did not pay for it
答案: 正确
38、 Common resources and public goods have in common that they are not excludable and they are not rival in consumption
答案: 错误
39、 A free-rider is someone who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it
答案: 正确
40、 Even economists who advocate small government agree that national defense is a good that the government should provide
答案: 正确
41、 Altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
答案: All the answers are correct.
42、 In a market economy, government intervention
答案: may improve market outcomes in the presence of externalities.
43、 A cost imposed on someone who is neither the consumer nor the producer is called a
答案: negative externality.
44、 Which of the following statements about a well-maintained yard best conveys the general nature of the externality?
答案: A well-maintained yard conveys a positive externality because it increases the value of adjacent properties in the neighborhood.
45、 Which of the following is not correct?
答案: Externalities cannot be positive.
46、 The provision of public goods gives rise to
答案: positive externalities.
47、 Both public goods and common resources are
答案: nonexcludable.
48、 When something of value has no price attached to it,
答案: externalities will be present.
49、 If one person’s use of a good diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it, the good is
答案: rival in consumption.
50、 Markets sometimes fail to allocate resources efficiently.
答案: 正确
51、 When a transaction between a buyer and seller directly affects a third party, the effect is called an externality.
答案: 正确
52、 Barking dogs cannot be considered an externality because externalities must be associated with some form of market exchange.
答案: 错误
53、 Research into new technologies conveys neither negative externalities nor positive externalities.
答案: 错误
54、 The social cost of pollution includes the private costs of the producers plus the costs to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.
答案: 正确
55、 When firms internalize a negative externality, the market supply curve shifts to the left.
答案: 正确
56、 Government subsidized scholarships are an example of a government policy aimed at correcting negative externalities associated with education.
答案: 错误
57、 A congestion toll imposed on a highway driver to force the driver to take into account the increase in travel time she imposes on all other drivers is an example of internalizing the externality.
答案: 正确
58、 The government can internalize externalities by taxing goods that have negative externalities and subsidizing goods that have positive externalities.
答案: 正确
59、 A technology spillover is a type of negative externality.
答案: 错误
60、 The concept of external cost is associated with a negative externality, but not with a positive externality.
答案: 正确
61、 When market activity generates a negative externality, the level of output in the market equilibrium is lower than the socially optimal level.
答案: 错误
62、 A good that is excludable but not rival is known as a club good.
答案: 正确
63、 Concerts in arenas are not excludable because it is virtually impossible to prevent someone from seeing the show.
答案: 错误
64、 A good that is excludable is one that someone can be prevented from using if she did not pay for it.
答案: 正确
65、 Common resources and public goods have in common that they are not excludable and they are not rival in consumption.
答案: 错误
66、 A free-rider is someone who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.
答案: 正确
67、 Even economists who advocate small government agree that national defense is a good that the government should provide.
答案: 正确
第五篇 企业行为与产业组织 单元测验5：第五篇（企业成本及完全竞争市场）
1、 A firm has market power if it can
答案: influence the market price of the good it sells.
2、 A book store that has market power can
答案: influence the market price for the books it sells.
3、 The analysis of competitive firms sheds light on the decisions that lie behind the
答案: supply curve.
4、 For any competitive market, the supply curve is closely related to the
答案: firms’ costs of production in that market
5、 Suppose a firm in each of the two markets listed below were to increase its price by 20 percent. In which pair would the firm in the first market listed experience a dramatic decline in sales, but the firm in the second market listed would not?
答案: spiral notebooks and college textbooks
6、 Suppose a firm in each of the two markets listed below were to increase its price by 30 percent. In which pair would the firm in the first market listed experience a dramatic decline in sales, but the firm in the second market listed would not?
答案: cable television and gasoline
7、 A key characteristic of a competitive market is that
答案: producers sell nearly identical products.
8、 Which of the following is not a characteristic of a competitive market?
答案: Entry is limited
9、 Which of the following is a characteristic of a competitive market?
答案: Buyers and sellers are price takers.
10、 Who is a price taker in a competitive market?
答案: both buyers and sellers
11、 Competitive markets are characterized by
答案: free entry and exit by firms.
12、 A firm that has little ability to influence market prices operates in a
答案: competitive market.
13、 Because the goods offered for sale in a competitive market are largely the same,
答案: sellers will have little reason to charge less than the going market price.
14、 Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?
答案: Firms have difficulty entering the market.
15、 Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?
答案: Many firms have market power.
16、 Free entry means that
答案: no legal barriers prevent a firm from entering an industry.
17、 Which of the following industries is most likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry?
答案: dairy farming
18、 Which of the following industries is least likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry?
答案: municipal water and sewer
19、 When buyers in a competitive market take the selling price as given, they are said to be
答案: price takers.
20、 Why does a firm in a competitive industry charge the market price?
答案: All the choices are correct.
21、 For a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry, total revenue, marginal revenue, and average revenue are all equal.
答案: 错误
22、 If a firm charges more than the market price, it loses all its customers to other firms.
答案: 正确
23、 If a firm notices that its average revenue equals the current market price, that firm must be participating in a competitive market.
答案: 错误
24、 For a firm operating in a competitive market, both marginal revenue and average revenue exceed the market price.
答案: 错误
25、 A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market will increase production when average revenue exceeds marginal cost.
答案: 正确
26、 A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market will decrease production when marginal cost exceeds average revenue
答案: 正确
27、 Because there are many buyers and sellers in a perfectly competitive market, no one seller can influence the market price
答案: 正确
28、 When an individual firm in a competitive market increases its production, it is likely that the market price will fall.
答案: 错误
29、 When an individual firm in a competitive market decreases its production, it is likely that the market price will rise.
答案: 错误
30、 In a competitive market, firms are unable to differentiate their product from that of other producers
答案: 正确
31、 Firms in a competitive market are said to be price takers because there are many sellers in the market, and the goods offered by the firms are very similar if not identical.
答案: 正确
32、 The two characteristics of a competitive market are 1) many buyers and sellers in the market and 2) the goods offered by the various sellers are highly differentiated.
答案: 错误
33、 Firms operating in perfectly competitive markets try to maximize profits.
答案: 正确
34、 A firm’s incentive to compare marginal revenue and marginal cost is an application of the principle that rational people think at the margin.
答案: 正确
35、 Firms operating in perfectly competitive markets produce an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
答案: 正确
36、 A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The manager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the 100th unit for $4.75. The firm should continue to produce 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses).
答案: 错误
37、 A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The manager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the 100th unit for $5. The firm should continue to produce 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses).
答案: 正确
38、 All firms maximize profits by producing an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost; for firms operating in perfectly competitive industries, maximizing profits also means producing an output level where price equals marginal cost.
答案: 正确
39、 A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to operate in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s average total cost but greater than the firm’s average variable cost.
答案: 正确
40、 A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to operate in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s average variable cost but greater than the firm’s average fixed cost.
答案: 错误
41、 A firm has market power if it can
答案: influence the market price of the good it sells.
42、 A book store that has market power can
答案: influence the market price for the books it sells.
43、 The analysis of competitive firms sheds light on the decisions that lie behind the
答案: supply curve.
44、 For any competitive market, the supply curve is closely related to the
答案: firms’ costs of production in that market.
45、 A key characteristic of a competitive market is that
答案: producers sell nearly identical products.
46、 Which of the following is not a characteristic of a competitive market?
答案: Entry is limited.
47、 A firm that has little ability to influence market prices operates in a
答案: competitive market.
48、 Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?
答案: Firms have difficulty entering the market.
49、 If a firm charges more than the market price in a competitive industry, it loses all its customers to other firms.
答案: 正确
50、 Because there are many buyers and sellers in a perfectly competitive market, no one seller can influence the market price.
答案: 正确
51、 In a competitive market, firms are unable to differentiate their product from that of other producers.
答案: 正确
52、 A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The manager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the 100th unit for $5. The firm should continue to produce 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses).
答案: 正确
第五篇 企业行为与产业组织 单元测验6：第五篇（非完全竞争市场）
1、 Which of the following statements about oligopolies is not correct?
答案: Unlike monopolies and monopolistically competitive markets, oligopolies prices do not exceed their marginal revenues
2、 In the language of game theory, a situation in which each person must consider how others might respond to his or her own actions is called a
答案: strategic situation.
3、 In general, game theory is the study of
答案: how people behave in strategic situations
4、 Which of the following statements is correct?
答案: Game theory is not necessary for understanding competitive or monopoly markets.
5、 In which of the following markets are strategic interactions among firms most likely to occur?
答案: the market for tennis balls
6、 Game theory is important for understanding which of the following market types?
答案: oligoplistic but not perfectly competitive markets
7、 In choosing among alternative courses of action, Raj must consider how others might respond to the action he takes. In the language of game theory, we say that Raj must think
答案: strategically.
8、 In an oligopoly, each firm knows that its profits
答案: depend on both how much output it produces and how much output its rival firms produce.
9、 A distinguishing feature of an oligopolistic industry is the tension between
答案: cooperation and self interest.
10、 In studying oligopolistic markets, economists assume that
答案: each oligopolist cares only about its own profit.
11、 A special kind of imperfectly competitive market that has only two firms is called
答案: a duopoly.
12、 Which of the following statements is correct?
答案: All choices are correct.
13、 An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge is called
答案: collusion
14、 The factors of production are best defined as the
答案: .inputs used to produce goods and services
15、 Because a firm’s demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in the market, it is called a
答案: derived demand.
16、 The term “factor market” applies to the market for
答案: All choices are correct.
17、 Factor markets are different from product markets in an important way because
答案: the demand for a factor of production is a derived demand
18、 Economists refer to the inputs that firms use to produce goods and services as
答案: factors of production.
19、 The basic tools of supply and demand apply to
答案: both markets for goods and services and markets for labor services
20、 A firm in a monopolistically competitive market can earn both short-run and long-run profits
答案: 错误
21、 In the long run, monopolistically competitive firms produce where demand equals marginal cost.
答案: 错误
22、 For competitive firms, the curve that represents the value of marginal product of labor is the same as the demand for labor curve.
答案: 正确
23、 A profit-maximizing competitive firm will hire workers up to the point at which the wage equals the price of the final good
答案: 错误
24、 A profit-maximizing competitive firm will hire workers up to the point at which the wage equals the marginal product of labor
答案: 错误
25、 When a competitive firm hires labor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product of labor equals the wage, it also produces up to the point at which the price of output equals average variable cost
答案: 错误
26、 Monopolistically competitive firms, like monopoly firms, maximize their profits by charging a price that exceeds marginal cost.
答案: 正确
27、 Monopolistic competition and monopoly are examples of a market structure called imperfect competition.
答案: 错误
28、 Oligopoly and monopolistic competition are examples of a market structure called imperfect competition.
答案: 正确
29、 The term Luddite refers to “tekkies” or people who are the first to adopt new technological advances.
答案: 错误
30、 Oligopoly is characterized by a few sellers offering similar products, whereas monopolistic competition is characterized by many sellers offering differentiated products
答案: 正确
31、 Monopolistic competition is characterized by a few sellers offering similar products, whereas oligopoly is characterized by many sellers offering differentiated products.
答案: 错误
32、 Product differentiation always leads to some measure of market power.
答案: 正确
33、 An increase in a product’s price will shift the labor demand curve for workers who produce that product to the left.
答案: 错误
34、 From 1959 to 2009, inflation-adjusted wages increased by 131 percent in the U.S. As a result, firms reduced the amount of labor they employed by nearly 20 percent
答案: 错误
35、 Monopolistic competition is the only market structure that features many sellers.
答案: 错误
36、 The market for wheat is most likely considered a monopolistically competitive market.
答案: 错误
37、 A monopolistically competitive market is characterized by barriers to entry
答案: 错误
38、 Monopolistic competition is characterized by many buyers and sellers, product differentiation, and free entry.
答案: 正确
39、 The “competition” in monopolistically competitive markets is most likely a result of having many sellers in the market.
答案: 正确
40、 There are four basic types of market structure
答案: 正确
41、 Which of the following statements about oligopolies is not correct?
答案: Unlike monopolies and monopolistically competitive markets, oligopolies prices do not exceed their marginal revenues.
42、 In general, game theory is the study of
答案: how people behave in strategic situations.
43、 In which of the following markets are strategic interactions among firms most likely to occur?
答案: the market for telecom services
44、 In choosing among alternative courses of action, Raj must consider how others might respond to the action he takes. In the language of game theory, we say that Raj must think
答案: strategically.
45、 In studying oligopolistic markets, economists assume that
答案: each oligopolist cares only about its own profit.
46、 Which of the following statements is correct?
答案: All choices are correct.
47、 An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge is called
答案: collusion.
48、 A monopoly
答案: can set the price it charges for its output but faces a downward-sloping demand curve so it cannot earn unlimited profits.
49、 Because monopoly firms do not have to compete with other firms, the outcome in a market with a monopoly
答案: is often not in the best interest of society.
50、 The fundamental source of monopoly power is
答案: barriers to entry.
51、 If a monopolist has zero marginal costs, it will produce
答案: the output at which total revenue is maximized.
52、 Which of the following statements is not correct?
答案: Part of the deadweight loss associated with monopoly is measured by the monopolist’s economic profit.
53、 The breakfast cereal industry, with its concentration ratio of 80%, would best be described as a(n)
答案: oligopoly.
54、 Which market structure would likely have the highest concentration ratio?
答案: Monopoly
55、 In the short run, a firm operating in a monopolistically competitive market can earn
答案: All the answers are possible.
56、 A situation in which firms choose their best strategy given the strategies chosen by the other firms in the market is called
答案: a Nash equilibrium.
57、 When an oligopoly market reaches a Nash equilibrium,
答案: a firm will have chosen its best strategy, given the strategies chosen by other firms in the market.
58、 To be successful, a cartel must
答案: agree on the total level of production and on the amount produced by each member.
59、 A group of firms that act in unison to maximize collective profits is called a
答案: cartel.
60、 A firm in a monopolistically competitive market can earn both short-run and long-run profits.
答案: 错误
61、 Price discrimination can increase both the monopolist’s profits and society’s welfare.
答案: 正确
62、 A monopolist earns higher profits by charging one price than by practicing price discrimination.
答案: 错误
63、 University financial aid can be viewed as a type of price discrimination.
答案: 正确
64、 By offering lower prices to customers who buy a large quantity, a monopoly is price discriminating.
答案: 正确
65、 If the government regulates the price a natural monopolist can charge to be equal to the firm’s marginal cost, the government will likely need to subsidize the firm.
答案: 正确
66、 When prisoners’ dilemma games are repeated over and over, sometimes the threat of penalty causes both parties to cooperate.
答案: 正确
67、 Critics of advertising argue that advertising leads to less elastic demand for products and a larger markup of price over marginal cost.
答案: 正确
68、 Policymakers have generally come to accept the view that advertising enhances the efficiency of markets.
答案: 正确
69、 In the prisoners’ dilemma game, confessing is a dominant strategy for each of the two prisoners.
答案: 错误
第六篇 劳动市场经济学 单元测验7：第六篇（劳动市场经济学）
1、 Which of the following is not an example of a factor of production?
答案: interest
2、 Which of the following is an example of a firm’s derived demand?
答案: A firm’s demand for college textbook study guide authors is inseparably linked to the supply of college textbooks.
3、 The basic tools of supply and demand apply to
答案: both markets for goods and services and markets for labor services.
4、 A profit-maximizing, competitive firm for which the marginal product of labor is diminishing also experiences
答案: a downward-sloping demand for labor.
5、 Which of the following statements is correct?
答案: All of the choices are correct.
6、 Paul is the owner of Paul’s Popcorn Palace. Paul is a profit-maximizing owner whose firm operates in a competitive market. An additional worker costs Paul $200 and has a marginal productivity of 40 canisters of popcorn. Assuming no other variable costs, what is the marginal cost of a popcorn?
答案: $5
7、 If the wage exceeds the value of the marginal product of labor, then hiring another worker
答案: decreases the firm’s profit.
8、 The term “compensating differential” refers to
答案: a wage difference that arises from nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs.
9、 Which of the following would not be considered human capital?
答案: the financial capital a chef uses to start his own restaurant.
10、 For a competitive, profit-maximizing firm, the labor demand curve is the same as the
答案: value of marginal product curve.
11、 Economists refer to the inputs that firms use to produce goods and services as
答案: factors of production.
12、 The basic tools of supply and demand apply to
答案: both markets for goods and services and markets for labor services.
13、 Labor markets are different from most other markets because labor demand is
答案: a derived demand.
14、 The production function is the
答案: relationship between the quantity of inputs and output.
15、 The marginal product of labor is defined as the change in
答案: output per additional unit of labor.
16、 When a production function exhibits a diminishing, but positive, marginal product of labor,
答案: output increases, but at a decreasing rate, as more workers are employed.
17、 Diminishing marginal product occurs when
答案: the marginal product of an input decreases as the quantity of the input increases.
18、 If a firm experiences diminishing marginal productivity of labor, the marginal product
答案: decreases as total product increases.
19、 For a profit-maximizing, competitive firm, the value of the marginal product of labor
答案: is the firm’s demand for labor.
20、 Value of marginal product is defined as the additional
答案: revenue earned from hiring one more factor of production.
21、 Average productivity can be measured as total output divided by total units of labor
答案: 正确
22、 For a snow-removal business, the capital stock would include inputs such as snow blowers and shovels
答案: 正确
23、 When a firm decides to retain its earnings instead of paying dividends, the stockholders necessarily suffer
答案: 错误
24、 Capital owners are compensated according to the value of the marginal product of that capita
答案: 正确
25、 Suppose the supply of capital decreases. As a result, the quantity of capital used in production and the rental price of capital will both fall
答案: 错误
26、 The rental price of capital is the price a person pays to own the capital indefinitely
答案: 错误
27、 Capital income does not include income paid to households for the use of their capital
答案: 错误
28、 Firms pay out a portion of their earnings in the form of interest and dividends, and those payments are a portion of the economy’s capital income
答案: 正确
29、 The marginal product of land depends on the quantity of land that is available
答案: 正确
30、 Suppose an influenza pandemic were to significantly decrease the population of a country. We would predict a decrease in the marginal product of land in that country
答案: 正确
31、 For profit-maximizing, competitive firms, the demand curve for each factor of production equals the value of the marginal product of that factor.
答案: 正确
32、 A change in the supply of any one factor alters the earnings of all the other factors
答案: 正确
33、 An event that changes the supply of any factor of production can alter the earnings of all the factors.
答案: 正确
34、 If men’s preferences for work change such that more men want to be stay-at-home fathers, the wages paid to men who remain in the workplace would rise, all else equal
答案: 正确
35、 If the demand for labor in a particular industry increases, the equilibrium wage in that industry will also increase
答案: 正确
36、 Labor supply curves are always upward sloping
答案: 错误
37、 Labor-saving technological advances increase the marginal productivity of labor.
答案: 错误
38、 The demand for computer programmers is inseparably tied to the supply of computer software.
答案: 正确
39、 If a firm is able to charge a higher price for its output, all else equal, the value of the marginal product of labor will decrease to offset the higher price
答案: 错误
40、 Stock dividends and interest payments are examples of factors of production.
答案: 错误
41、 Which of the following is an example of a firm’s derived demand?
答案: A firm’s demand for college textbook study guide authors is inseparably linked to the supply of college textbooks.
42、 When deciding whether to hire an additional worker, firms need only consider how the additional worker would affect
答案: profit.
43、 Which of the following would not be considered human capital?
答案: the financial capital a chef uses to start his own restaurant.
44、 The basic tools of supply and demand apply to
答案: both markets for goods and services and markets for labor services.
45、 When a production function exhibits a diminishing, but positive, marginal product of labor,
答案: output increases, but at a decreasing rate, as more workers are employed.
46、 Diminishing marginal product occurs when
答案: the marginal product of an input decreases as the quantity of the input increases.
47、 If a firm experiences diminishing marginal productivity of labor, the marginal product
答案: decreases as total product increases.
48、 For a profit-maximizing, competitive firm, the value of the marginal product of labor
答案: is the firm’s demand for labor.
49、 Workers who work the night shift are often paid more than those who do identical work on the day shift. This is referred to as a
答案: compensating differential.
50、 If government regulations make a certain job less dangerous, then we’d expect that the supply of labor for that job would
答案: increase, which by itself would reduce the wage for that job.
51、 The time spent by students in college
答案: is an investment in human capital.
52、 Which of the following explains the “beauty premium” differences in wages?
答案: People who spend time on their personal appearance may send a signal that they are more productive workers.
53、 Average productivity can be measured as total output divided by total units of labor.
答案: 正确
54、 For a snow-removal business, the capital stock would include inputs such as snow blowers and shovels.
答案: 正确
55、 When a firm decides to retain its earnings instead of paying dividends, the stockholders necessarily suffer.
答案: 错误
56、 Capital owners are compensated according to the value of the marginal product of that capita.
答案: 正确
57、 Suppose the supply of capital decreases. As a result, the quantity of capital used in production and the rental price of capital will both fall.
答案: 错误
58、 The rental price of capital is the price a person pays to own the capital indefinitely.
答案: 错误
59、 Capital income does not include income paid to households for the use of their capital.
答案: 错误
60、 Firms pay out a portion of their earnings in the form of interest and dividends, and those payments are a portion of the economy’s capital income.
答案: 正确
61、 The marginal product of land depends on the quantity of other factors of production that are available.
答案: 正确
62、 Suppose an influenza pandemic were to significantly decrease the population of a country. We would predict a decrease in the marginal product of land in that country.
答案: 正确
63、 A change in the supply of any one factor alters the earnings of all the other factors.
答案: 正确
64、 If men’s preferences for work change such that more men want to be stay-at-home fathers, the wages paid to men who remain in the workplace would rise, all else equal.
答案: 正确
65、 If the demand for labor in a particular industry increases, the equilibrium wage in that industry will also increase.
答案: 正确
66、 Labor supply curves are always upward sloping.
答案: 错误
67、 If a firm is able to charge a higher price for its output, all else equal, the value of the marginal product of labor will decrease to offset the higher price.
答案: 错误
第七篇 消费者行为理论 单元测验8：第七篇（消费者行为理论）
1、 The theory of consumer choice examines how
答案: consumers make utility-maximizing decisions.
2、 A budget constraint shows
答案: a series of bundles that cost the consumer the same amount of money.
3、 Indifference curves that cross violate the property of
答案: transitivity.
4、 When two goods are perfect substitutes, the
答案: indifference curve is a downward-sloping straight line.
5、 When a consumer is purchasing the best combination of two goods, X and Y, subject to a budget constraint, we say that the consumer is at an optimal choice point. A graph of an optimal choice point shows that it occurs
答案: All the answers are correct.
6、 The relationship between the marginal utility that David gets from eating ice cream sundaes and the number of ice cream cones he eats per week is as follows:Ice Cream Sundaes 1 2 3456Marginal Utility201612840David receives 3 units of utility from the last dollar spent on each of the other goods he consumes. If ice cream sundaes cost $4 each, how many ice cream sundaes will he consume per month if he maximizes utility?
答案: 3
7、 The consumer’s optimum is where
答案: MUx/Px = MUy/Py
8、 Suppose a consumer has preferences over two goods, X and Y, which are perfect substitutes. In particular, two units of X is equivalent to one unit of Y. If the price of X is $1, the price of Y is $3, and the consumer has $30 of income to allocate to these two goods, how much of each good should the consumer purchase to maximize satisfaction?
答案: 30 units of X and 0 units of Y
9、 When the price of a good increases, all else equal, the higher price
答案: reduces the consumer’s set of buying opportunities.
10、 When Matt has an income of $2,000, he consumes 30 units of good A and 50 units of good B. After Matt’s income increases to $3,000, he consumes 25 units of good A and 95 units of good B. Which of the following statements is correct?
答案: Good A is an inferior good, and good B is a normal good.
11、 The theory of consumer choice provides the foundation for understanding the
答案: demand for a firm’s product.
12、 The theory of consumer choice examines
答案: the tradeoffs inherent in decisions made by consumers.
13、 The theory of consumer choice examines how
答案: consumers make utility-maximizing decisions
14、 The theory of consumer choice illustrates the
答案: the trade-offs that people face in their role as purchasers.
15、 When a consumer spends less time enjoying leisure and more time working, she has
答案: higher income and therefore can afford more consumption.
16、 If we observe that a consumer’s budget constraint has shifted inward, we can assume that the consumer will be
答案: fewer normal goods and more inferior goods.
17、 When Stanley has an income of $1,000, he consumes 30 units of good A and 50 units of good B. After Stanley’s income increases to $1,500, he consumes 60 units of good A and 45 units of good B. Which of the following statements is correct?
答案: Good A is a normal good, and good B is an inferior good.
18、 Economists have found evidence of a Giffen good when studying the consumption of rice in the Chinese province of Hunan.
答案: 正确
19、 Shelley wins $1 million in her state’s lottery. If Shelley keeps working after she wins the money, we can infer that the substitution effect must exactly offset the income effect for he
答案: 错误
20、 A rational person can have a negatively-sloped labor supply curve.
答案: 正确
21、 The substitution effect in the work-leisure model induces a person to work less in response to higher wages, which tends to make the labor-supply curve slope upward
答案: 错误
22、 The income effect in the work-leisure model induces a person to work less in response to higher wages, which tends to make the labor-supply curve slope backward
答案: 正确
23、 A rise in the interest rate will generally result in people consuming more when they are old if the substitution effect outweighs the income effect.
答案: 正确
24、 A rise in the interest rate will generally result in people consuming less when they are old if the substitution effect outweighs the income effect.
答案: 错误
25、 The theory of consumer choice is representative of how consumers make decisions but is not intended to be a literal account of the process.
答案: 正确
26、 The direction of the substitution effect is not influenced by whether the good is normal or inferior.
答案: 正确
27、 The income effect of a price change is unaffected by whether the good is a normal or inferior good
答案: 错误
28、 A typical consumer consumes both coffee and donuts. After the consumer’s income decreases, the consumer consumes more coffee but fewer donuts than before. For this consumer, donuts are a normal good, but coffee is an inferior good.
答案: 正确
29、 At a consumer’s optimal choice, the consumer chooses the combination of goods such that the ratio of the marginal utilities equals the ratio of the prices.
答案: 正确
30、 A consumer’s optimal choice is affected by income, prices of goods, and preferences.
答案: 正确
31、 A budget constraint shows
答案: a series of bundles that cost the consumer the same amount of money.
32、 When two goods are perfect substitutes, the
答案: indifference curve is a downward-sloping straight line.
33、 When a consumer is purchasing the best combination of two goods, X and Y, subject to a budget constraint, we say that the consumer is at an optimal choice point. A graph of an optimal choice point shows that it occurs
答案: All answers are correct.
34、 The relationship between the marginal utility that David gets from eating ice cream sundaes and the number of ice cream cones he eats per week is as follows:Ice Cream Sundaes 1 2 3456Marginal Utility201612840David receives 3 units of utility from the last dollar spent on each of the other goods he consumes. If ice cream sundaes cost $4 each, how many ice cream sundaes will he consume per month if he maximizes utility?
答案: 3
35、 The consumer’s optimum is where
答案: MUx/Px = MUy/Py
36、 Suppose a consumer has preferences over two goods, X and Y, which are perfect substitutes. In particular, two units of X is equivalent to one unit of Y. If the price of X is $1, the price of Y is $3, and the consumer has $30 of income to allocate to these two goods, how much of each good should the consumer purchase to maximize satisfaction?
答案: 30 units of X and 0 units of Y
37、 When Matt has an income of $2,000, he consumes 30 units of good A and 50 units of good B. After Matt’s income increases to $3,000, he consumes 25 units of good A and 95 units of good B. Which of the following statements is correct?
答案: Good A is an inferior good, and good B is a normal good.
38、 The theory of consumer choice provides the foundation for understanding the
答案: demand for a firm’s product.
39、 The theory of consumer choice examines how
答案: consumers make utility-maximizing decisions.
40、 The theory of consumer choice illustrates the
答案: the trade-offs that people face in their role as purchasers.
41、 The opportunity cost of current household consumption is the
答案: market interest rate.
42、 Jake experiences an increase in his wages. The hours of labor that he supplies to the market would decrease if
答案: the income effect is larger than the substitution effect.
43、 In the upward-sloping portion of the individual labor-supply curve, the substitution effect is
答案: greater than the income effect.
44、 If the consumer’s income and all prices simultaneously decrease by one-half, then the optimum consumption will
答案: not change.
45、 The substitution effect in the work-leisure model induces a person to work less in response to higher wages, which tends to make the labor-supply curve slope upward.
答案: 错误
46、 The income effect of a price change is unaffected by whether the good is a normal or inferior good.
答案: 错误
47、 The indifference curves for left shoes and right shoes are right angles.
答案: 正确
48、 Susie wins $2 million in her state’s lottery. If Susie keeps working after she wins the money, we can infer that the income effect is larger than the substitution effect for her.
答案: 错误
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